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Course syllabus Defence Strategies of the Nordic Countries

Swedish name: De nordiska ländernas försvarsstrategier

Course code:
2KR035
Education cycle:
Second cycle
Scope:
7.5 credits
Progression:
A1N
Grading scale:
Three-grade scale
Main field of study:
War Studies
Department:
Department of War Studies
Subject:
War Studies
Language of instruction:
The teaching is conducted in English.
Decided by:
Forsknings och utbildningsnämndens kursplaneutskott (KUS)
Decision date:
2024-08-20

Entry requirements

Completed courses of at least 180 credits, including a thesis work of at least 15 credits.

English proficiency equivalent to English B or English 6 is also required.

Course content and structure

The course aims to provide the student with the opportunity to develop knowledge about the Nordic countries' military cooperation strategies with other nations and their strategies for directing, creating, and utilizing military power. The course focuses on these countries' strategic adaptations during the 21st century, as well as the future challenges arising from Finland and Sweden's NATO membership. Additionally, the course enables the student to develop the ability to analyze strategic priorities based on strategic theory and various epistemological approaches. In this regard, the course places particular emphasis on research concerning small states' strategies and the concept of strategic culture, which are illuminated and explained from different theoretical and conceptual approaches.

The learning activities of the course include introductory lectures, seminar discussions where the student practice analyzing countries' strategies based on concepts and theories, and the writing of an individual assignment aimed at developing the students ability to contrast and apply the theories and approaches introduced in the course. The written assignment also provides opportunities for deeper exploration of one of the themes covered in the course and for developing skills related to comparative methods, case studies, and the ability to compare and contrast different analytical approaches.

Type of instruction 
Lectures, Seminars, self study

Objectives

Upon completion of the course the student should be able to:

Knowledge and understanding
  • account for the main features of the Nordic countries' strategic priorities and decisions during the 21st century

Competence and skills 
  • analyze the Nordic countries' strategies for military cooperation and the directing, creation, and utilization of military power based on different scientific approaches

  • constructively apply strategic concepts and theories related to small states and strategic culture in analyses of countries' strategic priorities

Judgement and approach
  •  compare and contrast different analytical approaches in the study of strategy regarding explanatory power and scientific assumptions.

Examination formats

The course is assessed through active participation in seminars and an individual written assignment.

The examiner may decide to request supplementary assignments in order to achieve a passing grade on the course. Supplementary assignments shall be submitted no later than three working days after the result and supplementary assignment for the examination in question have been notified. Examination papers submitted late will not be graded unless special circumstances exist that are acceptable to the examiner.

Grading
The student is graded on a three-point grading scale: Fail (U), Pass (G) and Pass with Distinction (VG). Grading criteria are reported at the latest at the start of the course.

To achieve a passing grade (G) on the course, active participation in all of the mandatory seminars and a passing grade (G) on the written assignment are required. To achieve a Pass with Distinction (VG) on the course, in addition to meeting the requirements for a passing grade (G), a Pass with Distinction (VG) on the individual written assignment is also required.

Restrictions in Number of Examinations
There is no limit on the total number of examination opportunities.

Transitional provisions

When the course is no longer offered or when the course content has changed substantially, the student has the right to be examined once per semester during a three-term period in accordance with this syllabus.

Other regulations

  • The course cannot be included in a degree with another course whose content fully or partially corresponds to the content of this course.
  • If the Swedish Defence University has formally decided that the student is entitled to receive special educational support due to a disability, the examiner may decide on alternative forms of examination for the student.
  • The course director will conduct an evaluation on the completion of the course, which will form the basis for any changes to the course.
Reading list decided date: 2025-03-19
Becker, Jordan, Michael Duda & Douglas Lute (2022) “From context to concept: History and strategic environment for NATO’s 2022 strategic concept” Defence Studies, 22(3):489–496.

Bloomfield, Alan (2012) “Time to Move On: Reconceptualizing the Strategic Culture Debate” Contemporary Security Policy 33(3):437-461.

Tuomas Forsberg & Magnus Christiansson (2025) NATO’s Northern Enlargement. Finland and Sweden’s Path to Membership Bristol: Bristol University Press. (Excerpts 50 pp.)

Christiansson, Magnus & Jacob Westberg (2025) “Still a medium sized dog with a big dog attitude? Sweden from balance of power to NATO membership in the post-Cold War era” in Baxter, Philip (Ed.) Examining Perspectives of Small to Medium Powers in Emergent Great Power Competition: Bandwagon or Balance? London: Palgrave Macmillan. (appr. 20 pp)

Dalsjö, Robert (2014) “The hidden rationality of Sweden's policy of neutrality during the Cold War” Cold War History 14(2):175-194.

Edström, Håkan, Dennis Gyllensporre & Jacob Westberg (2019). Military Strategy of Small States. Responding to the External Shocks of the 21 st Century. Abingdon: Routledge. Available as an e-book at the library. (Excerpts 100 pp.)

Edström, Håkan & Jacob Westberg (2020) “Between the Eagle and the Bear- Explaining the alignment strategies of the Nordic countries in the 21st Century” Comparative Strategy 39(2):191-208.

Edström, Håkan & Jacob Westberg (2023a). Military Strategies of the New European Allies. A Comparative Study. Abingdon: Routledge. Available as an e-book at the library. (Excerpts 50 pp.)

Edström, Håkan & Jacob Westberg (2025) Military Strategy in an Era of Unipolar Demise. Exploring Strategic Diversity Among Nations Abingdon: Routledge. Available as an e-book at the library. (Excerpts 50 pp.)

Friis, Karsten (2021) “Analyzing Security Subregions: Forces of Push, Pull, and Resistance in Nordic Defense Cooperation” Journal of Global Security Studies 6(4): 1-18.

Gray, Colin S. (1999) ”Strategic Culture as Context: the First Generation of Theory Strikes Back” Review of International Studies 25(1):49-69.

Graeger, Nina & Halvard Leira (2005) ”Norwegian Strategic Culture after World War II. From a Local to a Global Perspective” Cooperation and Conflict 40(1):45-66.

Haftendorn, Helga (2014) “The Alliance and the Credibility of Extended Deterrence” in Hilde, Paal & Andrew Michta, (eds) The Future of NATO: Regional Defense and Global Security. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). Available as an ebook at the library. (pp. 90–111)

Ikenberry, John (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Available as an e-book at the library. (Excerpts 50 pp.)

Ingebritsen, Christine, Neumann, Iver, Gstöhl, Sieglinde & Beyer, Jessica (2006) Small States in International Relations Reykjavik: University of Island Press. Available as an e-book at the library. (Excerpts 50 pp.)

Jakobsen, Peter Viggo et al. (2018) “Prestige-seeking small states: Danish and Norwegian military contributions to US-led operations” European journal of international security 3 (2):256-277.

Johnston, Alastair Iain (1995) “Thinking about Strategic Culture” International Security 19(4):32-64.

March, John & Johan P Olsen (1998) “The Institutional Dynamics of International political Orders” International Organization Vol. 52(4):943-969.

Matlary, Janne Haaland (2014) “Burden Sharing after Afghanistan” i Hilde, Paal & Michta, Andrew (eds) The Future of NATO: Regional Defense and Global Security. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (pp 76-89)

Mearsheimer, John (2019). “Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order” International Security 43(4):7-50. Mearsheimer, John and Stephen Walt (2016). ‘The Case for Offshore Balancing’. Foreign Affairs, Volume 95(4):70-83.

Meijer, Hugo & Stephen Brooks (2021) “Illusions of Autonomy. Why Europe Cannot Provide for Its Security if the United States Pulls Back” International Security 45(4):7- 43.

Michalski, Anna, Douglas Brommesson, Ann-Marie Ekengren, (2024) “Small states and the dilemma of geopolitics: role change in Finland and Sweden”, International Affairs 100(1):139–157.

Neumann, Iver B & Heikka, Henrikki (2005) “Grand Strategy, Strategic Culture, Practice. The Social Roots of Nordic Defence” Cooperation and Conflict 40(1):5-23

Petersson, Magnus & Håkon Lunde Saxi (2013). ”Shifted Roles: Explaining Danish and Norwegian Alliance Strategy 1949–2009” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 36(6):761–788.

Rasmussen, Mikkel Vedby (2005) “‘What’s the Use of It?’: Danish Strategic Culture and the Utility of Armed Force” Cooperation and Conflict 40(1):67-89.

Rynning, Sten (2021), “Deterrence Rediscovered: NATO and Russia” in Osinga, Frans & Sweijs, Tim (eds.), Deterrence in the 21st Century – Insights from Theory and Practice Berlin: Springer. Available as an e-book at the library. (pp 29-46).

Saxi, Håkon Lundi (2019) “The rise, fall and resurgence of Nordic defence cooperation” International Affairs 95(3):659-680.

Savolainen, Anna (2024) “Mechanisms of threat: How Finland and Sweden abandoned nonalignment”, Comparative Strategy. 43(2):87–103.

Westberg, Jacob (2022) "How small states manage to stay out of wars: Explaining Sweden’s 200 Years of Peace" in Nevra Biltekin, Leos Müller & Magnus Petersson (eds.) 200 years of peace: New perspectives on modern Swedish foreign policy, Oxford: Berghahn. (pp. 38-61)

Zaman, Rashed Uz (2009) “Strategic Culture: A ‘Cultural’ Understanding of War” Comparative Strategy 28(1):68-88.

Ångström, Jan & Jan Willem Honig (2012) ”Regaining Strategy: Small Powers, Strategic Culture, and Escalation in Afghanistan” Journal of Strategic Studies 35(5):663- 687.

Total number of pages: 918